Disclaimer

The content provided on this blog is intended for educational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice. We strongly advise readers to seek guidance from a qualified healthcare professional regarding any medical concerns.

To reflect its medicinal nature rather than recreational use, we prefer the term ‘medical cannabis’ over terms such as ‘marijuana’, “grass”. or ‘dope’ which may carry negative connotations.

The opinions expressed in the blog belong to the respective authors, who are not medical professionals, and may not necessarily align with those of Lyphe Clinic. Lyphe Clinic does not endorse any specific products or services mentioned, except those provided through Lyphe Clinic.

Readers should be aware that the legality of medical cannabis varies by location, and this disclaimer may be subject to periodic updates.

A close-up of a woman wearing a pink shirt, holding and massaging her wrist with a pained expression.

Key Points

  • Nerve pain or neuropathy is a common condition that causes numbness, tingling and pain in the feet, hands and arms. It can also cause weakness or loss of muscle coordination.
  • Treatment for nerve pain involves a combination of medication and lifestyle changes. However, some natural remedies for nerve pain relief can help manage or reduce the symptoms of neuropathy.
  • From vitamin B12 to ginger root, yoga to dietary changes, these natural remedies can help you manage nerve pain. They work best as an adjunct therapy to medication, but they may also be effective on their own.
  • Medical cannabis is an increasingly popular option that may offer relief without the side effects of some traditional medications.

 

Introduction

Nerves send information from your brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body. When they’re damaged or irritated in some way, this can cause nerve pain. Hence, nerve pain, also known as neuropathic pain, is a condition that affects the nerves, causing them to send signals of pain through your body. Moreover, nerve damage can be caused by injuries (sprains), infections (shingles), autoimmune diseases and other serious conditions. Sometimes, it happens without any obvious cause at all.

Recognising the importance of alternative treatments, many are now seeking natural remedies for nerve pain as a complement or alternative to traditional medicine.

Current treatment for this condition includes both over-the-counter and prescription medications, as well as topical treatments. The most common over-the-counter medications for nerve pain include NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), like ibuprofen and aspirin. These are effective but can cause side effects, including stomach ulcers and bleeding.

Interest in natural nerve pain relief has increased in recent years. Many people are looking for more natural options that don’t have the side effects of prescription painkillers. This article will look at the best ways to manage nerve pain using natural remedies.

1. Medical Cannabis

A graphical chart showing the chemical structures of various cannabinoids, including CBN, THC, CBG, CBC, THCV, and CBD, on a green background.

For many, finding alternative treatments to alleviate nerve pain is a priority. One such alternative that has been gaining attention in recent years is the use of medical cannabis. This herbal pain reliever may help address the many symptoms neuropathy patients suffer from while being safer to dose than most prescription medications.

The Science Behind Medical Cannabis and Nerve Pain

Medical marijuana, derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, contains various compounds known as cannabinoids. The most well-known of these compounds include tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). They interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, which plays a crucial role in regulating pain, inflammation and overall nerve function.

Research has shown that cannabinoids have potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain-relieving) properties. A 2018 study from Current Pain and Headache Reports highlights that these plant-based compounds can significantly reduce pain intensity and improve the quality of life for patients with neuropathic pain. [1]

Medical marijuana has also been found to help regulate neurotransmitters in the nervous system, which can provide relief from nerve pain. One study from Phytotherapy Research found that cannabis contains antioxidant properties that may help protect against pain caused by diabetic peripheral neuropathy and oxidative stress. [2] 

Moreover, another 2018 review published in the Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine also suggests that cannabis treatment may be used as an adjunctive treatment for peripheral neuropathy. [3] A 2018 review published in Current Pain and Headache Reports suggests that medical weed for nerve pain is safe and effective for short-term, low-dose treatments. [4] 

Reduction of Stress, Anxiety, and More

Nerve pain can be exacerbated by stress and anxiety, and vice versa. These conditions can cause muscle tension and worsen inflammation. [5] Medical cannabis, particularly high CBD doses, has been shown to have anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects.

Meanwhile, the interplay between nerve pain and headaches presents a significant challenge for many individuals. Nerve pain involves abnormal nerve signalling, which can lead to persistent discomfort and headaches. Headaches associated with any form of neuropathy may vary in type and intensity, affecting daily activities. [6]

Known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, CBD has been studied for its potential to alleviate both nerve pain and migraine. Although it has psychoactive effects, THC may also help reduce pain and inflammation associated with headaches. 

For more information on managing headaches naturally, check out our blog posts on natural remedies for headaches and natural remedies for migraines.

Legal vs. Black Market Sources of Medical Marijuana for Nerve Pain

When considering herbal solutions for nerve discomfort, it’s crucial to distinguish between legally regulated sources and those obtained through illicit channels. This distinction not only affects the effectiveness of the remedy but also the safety and legality of its use.

Aspect Legally Regulated Illicit or Black Market
Quality Control High standards, consistent potency, tested for purity Unregulated, variable potency, risk of contaminants
Legal Protection Legal protection for users prescribed by professionals Legal risks, potential for criminal charges
Product Information Clear labelling with detailed information Lack of transparency, unknown ingredients
Access Accessible through authorised dispensaries or pharmacies Risky and unreliable access points

Getting a medical marijuana prescription for nerve pain is not easy. That’s why our experts at Lyphe are here to help. Our doctors can get you started on a treatment plan that will reduce your pain and improve your quality of life. Book an appointment today to see if medical weed is right for you!

 

2. Ginger Root

Ginger root, a rhizome of the Zingiber officinale plant, is widely known for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These properties are primarily attributed to the active compounds found in ginger, such as gingerols and shogaols. Chronic inflammation is often associated with nerve pain; by reducing inflammation, ginger root can relieve neuropathic pain. [7]

Additionally, ginger has been found to protect the nervous system from oxidative stress and toxins. These two are major contributors to nerve damage and pain. A review published in the International Journal of Preventive Medicine suggests that ginger has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce pain sensations after intense physical activity. [8] 

By incorporating ginger root into your diet, you may experience reduced nerve pain and improved overall nerve health. There are several ways to incorporate ginger root into your daily routine to help alleviate nerve pain:

  • Steeping fresh ginger root in hot water to make ginger tea
  • Taking ginger root supplements in capsule or powder form available at most health food stores
  • Adding fresh or powdered ginger to your favourite recipes
  • Applying ginger essential oil diluted in a carrier oil (such as coconut oil) directly to the affected area.

 

3. Capsaicin

Capsaicin, the active component of chilli peppers, is a natural pain reliever that can help to relieve nerve pain. Capsaicin has been shown to be effective against neuropathic pain in three ways:

  • It activates the transient receptors potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) on nerve cells that block the transmission of pain signals. By blocking substance P receptors on your nerves, capsaicin causes a temporary decrease in pain. [9]
  • It helps to reduce inflammation.

Current research also suggests that high‐concentration topical capsaicin can be used to treat postherpetic neuralgia, HIV neuropathy and painful diabetic neuropathy. [10][11] When experiencing nerve pain, you may want to try rubbing some capsaicin cream on the affected area as soon as possible after noticing the symptoms.

To learn more about herbal alternatives, read our blog posts on the best herbs for pain relief and herbs for back pain.

 

4. Yoga

Yoga can benefit those suffering from nerve pain because it helps improve flexibility and mobility while improving strength and endurance. According to a 2019 review published in the Annals of Neurosciences, yoga can help manage spinal cord injury-induced neuropathic pain. It does so by improving nerve health by acting on receptors throughout the nervous system. [12]

Additionally, nerve flossing stretches can help prevent and relieve pain by down-regulating inflammatory responses. In effect, the activity restores healthy blood flow to the nerve and encourages efficient communication between the brain and body.

Yoga can also help strengthen muscles, which is a critical part of effective neuropathy treatment. By alleviating nerve pain, yoga can help improve the quality of life, increase the range of motion and boost the overall mood of people with neuropathy.

 

5. Vitamins, Minerals and Supplements

An assortment of various vitamins and supplements in small glass jars displaying different shapes, sizes, and colours of capsules and tablets.

Vitamins play an important role in the regeneration of the nervous system. As such, you should ensure you include enough vitamins in your diet when dealing with nerve pain.

Several vitamins and supplements have been found to help relieve nerve pain, including:

  • Vitamin B12: An essential nutrient for the nervous system. A deficiency of this vitamin can lead to peripheral neuropathy. People with too little vitamin B12 can exhibit weakness, twitching, pain, numbness, tingling, muscle cramps and a burning sensation. [13]
  • B-complex vitamins: Play an essential role in nerve regeneration, metabolism and sensory perception. B-complex deficiencies can cause peripheral neuropathy to worsen. [14]
  • Methylcobalamin (Methyl B12): Helps regenerate damaged nerves and reduce inflammation. [15]
  • Benfotiamine: A synthetic version of vitamin B1 (thiamine) that has been shown to help with nerve pain. [16]
  • Alpha lipoic acid (ALA): An antioxidant that has been shown to help reduce symptoms of nerve damage, including pain, numbness and tingling. [17]
  • Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA): An omega-6 fatty acid that has been shown to help with nerve pain and inflammation, particularly in cases of diabetic neuropathy. [18]
  • Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC): A compound that has been shown to help regenerate damaged nerves and moderately reduce pain. [19]
  • Magnesium: A mineral that plays a key role in treating nerve pain. Low levels of magnesium may be associated with ​peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, magnesium may also alleviate fibromyalgia, dysmenorrhoea and headaches. [20][21]
  • Zinc: A mineral abundant in the nervous system that plays a role in pain perception and nerve health. It’s been shown to have a protective effect against nerve damage caused by diabetes. [22]
  • Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): An antioxidant that has been shown to help reduce inflammation and pain caused by nerve damage. It’s most effective against chronic neuropathic pain caused by diabetes. [23]
  • Vitamin D: Helps maintain bone health and may play a role in nerve health by preventing neuronal degradation. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to peripheral neuropathy and increased pain sensation. [24]
  • Inositol: A compound that has been shown to help with diabetic nerve pain. Decreased levels of inositol in nerve tissue are always linked to neuronal dysfunction. [25]

Do note that it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any supplements or vitamins. Some supplements may interact with other medications or cause adverse side effects. In addition, if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, it’s best to consult a doctor before taking any vitamins or supplements.

 

6. Diet

A variety of Mediterranean diet foods, including fresh fish, vegetables, chickpeas, quail eggs, olives, and herbs, arranged on a grey surface.

Adopting a healthy diet is essential in managing nerve pain. A 2019 review published in Nutrition suggests that healthy dietary habits can significantly reduce pain perception in individuals experiencing both acute and chronic pain conditions. [26]

Nutritional recommendations include:

  • Consuming a balanced diet rich in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins and healthy fats.
  • Ensuring adequate intake of vitamins and minerals, particularly B vitamins, vitamin D, magnesium and zinc, which are known to help with nerve health.
  • Staying hydrated by drinking at least eight cups of water daily.
  • The Mediterranean diet, rich in whole fruits, dark green leafy vegetables, nuts, legumes and whole grains, can provide the necessary nutrients for the immune system to function well.

The following is a list of foods to avoid when dealing with nerve pain:

  • Processed foods and excessive sugar can exacerbate inflammation.
  • Excessive caffeine and alcohol can impair nerve function.
  • Dairy and grains can cause spikes in sugar levels that lead to a greater risk of inflammation.

 

7. Lifestyle Changes

A senior couple dressed in athletic clothing, jogging and smiling together on a path in a park with trees in the background.

Lifestyle changes are perhaps the most important when it comes to addressing nerve pain. These changes can be broken into three categories: physical activity, sleep and stress reduction.

Physical Activity

While there is no evidence that exercise alone will treat neuropathic pain, it may help improve overall health and quality of life. Exercise is often recommended as part of a multidisciplinary approach to treating chronic pain.

Regular exercise, combined with physical therapy, can help manage pain by improving blood flow, reducing inflammation and releasing endorphins (the body’s natural painkillers). It can also help people with nerve pain cope with symptoms by increasing their ability to move around and making them feel less depressed or anxious.

Types of exercises include:

  • Low-impact aerobic exercises, such as walking, swimming or cycling
  • Strength training, focusing on major muscle groups
  • Stretching and flexibility exercises, such as yoga or tai chi

Sleep

Quality sleep is vital in managing nerve pain, allowing the body to repair damaged nerves and reduce pain sensitivity. Tips for improving sleep quality include:

  • Establishing a consistent sleep schedule
  • Creating a relaxing bedtime routine
  • Ensuring a comfortable and dark sleep environment
  • Limiting screen time before bed

Stress Management

Stress can exacerbate nerve pain by increasing inflammation and pain sensitivity. [27] Moreover, a 2024 review published in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews found that stress, depression, and neuropathy can be interrelated, often involving overlapping regions in the brain. [28] As such, managing stress must be a priority in a holistic nerve pain treatment program.

Techniques to manage stress and reduce nerve pain include:

  • Practising relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation or mindfulness meditation
  • Engaging in hobbies and activities that bring joy and relaxation
  • Seeking social support from friends, family or support groups

 

Why Lyphe Is Your Go-To for Managing Nerve Pain Naturally

The logo of Lyphe Clinic.

At Lyphe, we deeply understand the challenges you face with nerve pain. That’s why we’re committed to offering a seamless and safe pathway to medical cannabis for nerve pain – a natural remedy recognised for its potential to alleviate such discomforts. 

Here, we prioritise your health, ensuring access to high-quality, regulated medical weed through a process that’s both secure and straightforward. Let us guide you towards a life of less pain and more joy.

  • Experienced doctors: Gain insights and prescriptions from some of the UK’s leading medical weed specialists.
  • 100% online services: From consultation to prescription, enjoy the convenience of managing your health from anywhere.
  • Dedicated patient support: Our committed advisors ensure a smooth journey, assisting with appointments and repeat prescriptions.

Ready to explore a natural path to managing your nerve pain? Schedule your consultation with Lyphe today and take the first step towards a brighter, less painful tomorrow.

 

Final Takeaway: Nerve Pain Natural Remedies

Nerve pain can be a challenging and persistent condition to manage. But with the right approach, relief is possible. By exploring natural remedies for nerve pain (e.g., yoga, meditation, medical cannabis), individuals can find alternative solutions that may complement their existing treatment plan.

However, it is important to know that there remains no single cure or repair for damaged nerves (especially for severe cases). As such, it remains vital that you seek treatment from a doctor if your symptoms worsen or fail to improve after trying these natural treatments.

Looking to start a natural treatment plan for nerve pain? Our medical weed experts at Lyphe can help you get started.  Book a call today and learn more about how medical cannabis can help you with neuropathy!

 

Frequently Asked Questions

How do you get rid of nerve pain naturally?

There are several dietary and lifestyle changes that you can incorporate to reduce the severity of symptoms. They include taking supplements, avoiding alcohol, avoiding stress and resting more.

 

What vitamin is good for nerve pain?

Vitamin B12 is considered an essential nutrient for the nervous system, and its deficiency can lead to peripheral neuropathy. People who receive inadequate amounts of vitamin B12 may experience muscle cramps, burning sensations, weakness, twitching, pain, numbness and tingling.

 

What foods are good for nerve damage?

Some foods that are good for nerve damage include tofu, dark leafy greens, fresh fruits, nuts and mackerel. It’s important to have a balanced diet, and you should also avoid eating too much salt and sugar to avoid flare-ups.

 

Does nerve damage heal itself?

Nerves can recover on their own, but the extent of the recovery depends on several factors (e.g., severity and type of damage). In general, nerves recover slowly, and maximal recovery may take many months or years.

 

Is there a permanent cure for nerve damage?

In some cases, damaged nerves can regenerate and restore function slowly with treatment to speed up the process. However, severe cases may lead to irreversible damage.

 

References

  1. Lee, G., Grovey, B., Furnish, T. et al. Medical Cannabis for Neuropathic Pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep 22, 8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-018-0658-8
  2. Comelli, F., Bettoni, I., Colleoni, M., Giagnoni, G., & Costa, B. (2009). Beneficial effects of a Cannabis sativa extract treatment on diabetes-induced neuropathy and oxidative stress. Phytotherapy Research, 23(12), 1678–1684. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2806
  3. Modesto-Lowe, V., Bojka, R., & Alvarado, C. (2018). Cannabis for peripheral neuropathy: The good, the bad, and the unknown. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 85(12), 943–949. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.85a.17115
  4. Lee, G., Grovey, B., Furnish, T., & Wallace, M. (2018). Medical cannabis for neuropathic pain. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-018-0658-8
  5. Norman, G., Karelina, K., Zhang, N. et al. Stress and IL-1β contribute to the development of depressive-like behavior following peripheral nerve injury. Mol Psychiatry 15, 404–414 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2009.91
  6. Edvinsson, J. C., Viganò, A., Alekseeva, A., Alieva, E., Arruda, R., De Luca, C., D’Ettore, N., Frattale, I., Kurnukhina, M., Macerola, N., Malenkova, E., Maiorova, M., Novikova, A., Řehulka, P., Rapaccini, V., Roshchina, O., Vanderschueren, G., Zvaune, L., Andreou, A. P., & Haanes, K. A. (2020). The fifth cranial nerve in headaches. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01134-1
  7. Kim, S., Cheon, C., Kim, B., & Kim, W. (2022). The effect of ginger and its sub-components on pain. Plants, 11(17), 2296. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172296
  8. Mashhadi, N.S., Ghiasvand, R., Askari, G., Hariri, M., Darvishi, L., & Mofid, M.R. (2013). Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginger in Health and Physical Activity: Review of Current Evidence. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4, S36 – S42.
  9. Peppin, J. F., & Pappagallo, M. (2014). Capsaicinoids in the treatment of neuropathic pain: a review. Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 7(1), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756285613501576
  10. Derry, S., Rice, A. S. C., Cole, P., Tan, T., & Moore, R. A. (2017). Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2021(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd007393.pub4
  11. Shang, K., Amna, T., Amina, M., Al-Musayeib, N. M., Al-Deyab, S. S., & Hwang, I. (2017). Influence of Capsaicin on Inflammatory Cytokines Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Myoblast Cells Under In vitro Environment. Pharmacognosy magazine, 13(Suppl 1), S26–S32. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.203984
  12. Telles, S., Sayal, N., Nacht, C., Chopra, A., Patel, K., Wnuk, A., Dalvi, P., Bhatia, K., Miranpuri, G., & Anand, A. (2019). Yoga: Can it be integrated with treatment of neuropathic pain? Annals of Neurosciences, 26(2), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.5214/ans.0972.7531.260208
  13. Julian, T., Syeed, R., Glascow, N., Angelopoulou, E., & Zis, P. (2020). B12 as a Treatment for Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 12(8), 2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082221
  14. Baltrusch, S. (2021). The role of neurotropic B vitamins in nerve regeneration. BioMed Research International, 2021, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9968228
  15. Zhang, M., Han, W., Hu, S., & Xu, H. (2012). Methylcobalamin: A Potential Vitamin of Pain Killer. Neural Plasticity, 2013(1), 424651. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/424651
  16. Sánchez-Ramírez, G. M., Caram-Salas, N. L., Rocha-González, H. I., Vidal-Cantú, G. C., Medina-Santillán, R., Reyes-García, G., & Granados-Soto, V. (2006). Benfotiamine relieves inflammatory and neuropathic pain in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 530(1-2), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.11.016
  17. Papanas, N., & Ziegler, D. (2014). Efficacy of α-lipoic acid in diabetic neuropathy. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 15(18), 2721–2731. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2014.972935
  18. Hounsom, L., Horrobin, D. F., Tritschler, H., Corder, R., & Tomlinson, D. R. (1998b). A lipoic acid-gamma linolenic acid conjugate is effective against multiple indices of experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia, 41(7), 839–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001250050996
  19. Li, S., Li, Q., Li, Y., Li, L., Tian, H., & Sun, X. (2015). Acetyl-L-Carnitine in the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLOS ONE, 10(3), e0119479. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119479
  20. Shin, H., Na, H., & Do, S. (2020). Magnesium and Pain. Nutrients, 12(8), 2184. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082184
  21. Zhang, Q., Ji, L., Zheng, H., Li, Q., Xiong, Q., Sun, W., Zhu, X., Li, Y., Lu, B., Liu, X., & Zhang, S. (2018). Low serum phosphate and magnesium levels are associated with peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 146, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.09.015
  22. Nozaki, C., Vergnano, A. M., Filliol, D., Ouagazzal, A. M., Le Goff, A., Carvalho, S., Reiss, D., Gaveriaux-Ruff, C., Neyton, J., Paoletti, P., & Kieffer, B. L. (2011). Zinc alleviates pain through high-affinity binding to the NMDA receptor NR2A subunit. Nature neuroscience, 14(8), 1017–1022. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2844
  23. Zhang, Y. P., Eber, A., Yuan, Y., Yang, Z., Rodriguez, Y., Levitt, R. C., Takacs, P., & Candiotti, K. A. (2013). Prophylactic and antinociceptive effects of coenzyme Q10 on diabetic neuropathic pain in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Anesthesiology, 118(4), 945–954. https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3182829b7b
  24. Sari, A., Akdoğan Altun, Z., Arifoglu Karaman, C., Bilir Kaya, B., & Durmus, B. (2020). Does Vitamin D Affect Diabetic Neuropathic Pain and Balance?. Journal of pain research, 13, 171–179. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S203176
  25. Farias, V. X., Uchoa, P. N., Aquino, C. P., Britto, L. R. G., Fonteles, M. C., Leal-Cardoso, J. H., Silva-Alves, K. S., Havt, A., Prata, M. M. G., Heimark, D. B., Nascimento, N. R. F., & Santos, C. F. (2019). Expression of myo-inositol cotransporters in the sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia in experimental diabetes. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 52(6), e8589. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431×20198589
  26. Bjørklund, G., Aaseth, J., Doşa, M. D., Pivina, L., Dadar, M., Pen, J. J., & Chirumbolo, S. (2019). Does diet play a role in reducing nociception related to inflammation and chronic pain? Nutrition, 66, 153-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.04.007
  27. Hannibal, K. E., & Bishop, M. D. (2014). Chronic stress, cortisol dysfunction, and pain: A psychoneuroendocrine rationale for stress management in pain rehabilitation. Physical Therapy, 94(12), 1816–1825. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130597
  28.  Vieira, W. F., Coelho, D. R. A., Litwiler, S. T., McEachern, K. M., Clancy, J. A., Morales-Quezada, L., & Cassano, P. (2024). Neuropathic pain, mood, and stress-related disorders: A literature review of comorbidity and co-pathogenesis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 161, 105673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105673

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